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HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is triggered by immune activation of brain cells and remain prevalent during progressive viral infection despite antiretroviral therapy. Cathepsins and cystatins are lysosomal proteins secreted by macrophages and microglia, and may play important roles in neuroregulatory responses. Our laboratory has shown increased secretion and neurotoxicity of cathepsin B from in-vitro HIV-infected monocyte-derived macrophages, and increased expression in postmortem brain tissue with HIV encephalitis and HAND. We hypothesized that cystatin B and cathepsin B could represent potential biomarkers for HAND.

Cathepsin B and cystatin B in HIV-seropositive women are associated with infection and HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders