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The aim of the study was to observe cytokine and T-cell-related toll-like-receptor (TLR) changes in intestinal samples of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis patients.  Four necrotic bowels were collected from neonatal NEC patients with gestational ages of 28 to 29 weeks in our hospital, whereas 4 neonatal patients who underwent intestinal atresia surgery served as the controls. Intestinal flora was examined and IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17 expressions in resected intestine samples, as well as in isolated  gamma delta T (γδT) cells,  were analyzed immunohistochemically and via quantitative RT-PCR.  γδT cells were isolated from the intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and their  TLR4/TLR9 distribution in the intestinal tissues was determined by flow cytometry.  The bacterial flora of the neonatal NEC patients’ contained significantly higher amounts of Gram-negative  Enterobacteriaceae ,  Klebsiella,  and  Bacteroides  but anaerobic Gram-positive  Bifidobacteria  occurred significantly less in the NEC than the control group. IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17 expressions in the resected intestine samples and in isolated  γδT cells  were enhanced in NEC samples compared to the controls.  γδT cells were less prevalent in NEC-derived intestinal tissues, but their  TLR4/TLR9 expressions were significantly enhanced.  The changed bacterial flora in preterm neonatal NEC patients led to an obvious inflammation of the intestines, which was accompanied by reductions of  γδT cell localizations to the intestine and a shift of their surface expressions to TLR4 and TLR9.

Immunoregulation effects of different γδT cells and toll-like receptor signaling pathways in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis