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Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) is induced in damaged brain tissue after hypoxia—ischemia, and exogenous administration of IGF-1 shortly after injury has been shown to be neuroprotective. However, it is unknown whether treatment with IGF-1 delayed by more than a few hours after injury may be protective. Hypothermia after brain injury has been reported to delay the development of ischemic neuronal death. The authors therefore hypothesize that a reduction in the environmental temperature during recovery from hypoxia—ischemia could prolong the window of opportunity for IGF-1 treatment. Unilateral brain damage was induced in adult rats using a modified Levine model of right carotid artery ligation followed by brief hypoxia (6% O 2  for 10 minutes). The rats were maintained in either a warm (31°C) or cool (23°C) environment for the first 2 hours after hypoxia. All rats were subsequently transferred to the 23°C environment until the end of the experiment. A single dose of IGF-1 (50 μg) or its vehicle was given intracerebroventricularly at either 2 or 6 hours after hypoxia. Histologic outcome in the lateral cortex was quantified 5 days after hypoxia. Finally, cortical temperature was recorded from 1 hour before and 2 hours after hypoxia in separate groups of rats exposed to the “warm” and “cool” protocols. In rats exposed to the warm recovery environment, IGF-1 reduced cortical damage ( P &lt; 0.05) when given 2 hours but not 6 hours after insult. In contrast, with early recovery in the cool environment, a significant protective effect of IGF-1 in the lateral cortex ( P &lt; 0.05) was found with administration 6 hours after insult. In conclusion, a reduction in cerebral temperature during the early recovery phase after severe hypoxia—ischemia did not significantly reduce the severity of injury after 5 days' recovery; however, it markedly shifted and extended the window of opportunity for delayed treatment with IGF-1.

journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism

The Window of Opportunity for Neuronal Rescue with Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 after Hypoxia—Ischemia in Rats is Critically Modulated by Cerebral Temperature during Recovery