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The endometrial vasculature undergoes expansion during preimplantation stages and, even more prominently, after implantation. In addition to angiogenesis, vascular hyperpermeability accompanies the attachment and invasion of blastocysts into the uterine lining. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic factor expressed in mammalian uteri that also has potent activity in inducing vascular permeability. Rabbit uteri were examined using Northern and in situ hybridization to assess the temporal and spatial expression of VEGF and its receptor (Flk-1, Flt-1) mRNAs during the pre- and peri-implantation periods (Days 0-8). Steady-state levels of VEGF mRNA were highest in endometrium at estrous and peri-implantation stages (Days 6-8). In situ hybridization revealed a shift from uniform expression of VEGF transcripts throughout the uterus at estrus and Day 4, to an endometrial epithelial localization just before and during implantation. At implantation sites, a pronounced signal was present in the trophoblastic knobs, the syncytial aggregates that attach to and invade the endometrium. VEGF protein was detected by immunoblot analysis in peri-implantation-stage uteri but was below the limit of detection in estrous endometrium. VEGF receptor mRNAs were expressed in the uterus at all stages examined, with high levels of Flk-1 and Flt-1 at estrus and again just before implantation, 6-3/4 days pregnant. The high level just before implantation correlates with in situ hybridization results showing a prominent, but transient, signal for Flk-1 mRNA in the endometrial epithelium. During implantation, Flk-1 mRNA was associated with blood vessels of the endometrial stroma. We conclude that VEGF is a candidate factor for the induction of vascular hyperpermeability at implantation in the rabbit and in the angiogenic process that follows.

Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and VEGF-Receptor Messenger Ribonucleic Acids in the Peri-Implantation Rabbit Uterus1