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Female squirrels were injected at birth with 50 or 1000 micrograms testosterone propionate (TP); control males and females were treated with oil vehicle. Squirrels were gonadectomized at 47 days of age. Body mass was recorded weekly and plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) was determined once monthly over the next year. Marked annual cycles in body mass were manifested by 30 out of 31 squirrels. Peak body mass and peak-to-trough differences were greater for control male and TP-female squirrels than for control female squirrels. Trough body weights did not differ among the groups. Luteinizing hormone was detectable in all male and most androgenized females but not in any control female squirrels during the first 4 mo after gonadectomy. Peak LH values were significantly greater for control male than for control female squirrels and were not influenced by neonatal androgenization in females. Testosterone propionate treatment also did not affect sex differences in timing of LH peaks or the total number of months in which LH was detectable. We conclude that testicular hormones secreted during the early postnatal period induce sex differences in the circannual pattern of weight change and some aspects of LH secretion. Complete masculinization, however, either requires more extensive action of gonadal hormones, perhaps both pre- and postnatally, or occurs through some androgen-independent mechanism.

Neonatal androgenization in ground squirrels: influence on sex differences in body mass and luteinizing hormone levels