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Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, is an important citrus disease that causes significant economic losses worldwide. All commercial citrus varieties are susceptible to citrus canker. Currently, chemical control with copper based products is the main approach to control X. citri subsp. citri dispersal and plant colonization. However, extensive use of copper compounds can result in copper-resistant strains and cause adverse effects on the environment. Alternatives to chemical control involve the activation of citrus immunity to control the disease. Here, we investigated the ability of multiple rhizobacteria to induce a systemic defense response in cultivar Duncan grapefruit. Burkholderia territorii strain A63, Burkholderia metallica strain A53, and Pseudomonas geniculata strain 95 were found to effectively activate plant defense and significantly reduce symptom development in leaves challenged with X. citri subsp. citri. In the priming phase, root application of P. geniculata induced the expression of salicylic acid (SA)-signaling pathway marker genes (PR1, PR2, PR5, and salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase [SAM-SACM]). Gene expression analyses after X. citri subsp. citri challenge showed that root inoculation with P. geniculata strain 95 increased the relative levels of phenylalanine ammonia lyase 1 and SAM-SACM, two genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway as well as the biosynthesis of SA and methyl salicylate (MeSA), respectively. However, hormone analyses by UPLC-MS/MS showed no significant difference between SA in P. geniculata-treated plants and control plants at 8 days post-beneficial bacteria root inoculation. Moreover, P. geniculata root-treated plants contained higher reactive oxygen species levels in aerial tissues than control plants 8 days post-treatment application. This study demonstrates that rhizobacteria can modulate citrus immunity resulting in a systemic defense response against X. citri subsp. citri under greenhouse conditions.

Induced Systemic Resistance Against Citrus Canker Disease by Rhizobacteria