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Ninety-nine dwarf and photoperiod-insensitive breeding lines developed from Ethiopian sorghum germplasm were inoculated with Colletotrichum sublineolum and evaluated for anthracnose resistance at the Tropical Agriculture Research Station in Isabela, Puerto Rico, during the 2008 and 2009 growing seasons. A resistant response was observed for 57 lines in 2008 and for 47 lines in 2009 with 44 lines showing a resistant response across growing seasons. These lines showed reddening of inoculated leaves and no acervuli. Variation in resistance across growing seasons and replications within a growing season was observed for 19 lines rated as susceptible and these lines also showed low disease severity. Mean disease severity for the susceptible accessions was similar across growing seasons with a mean of 26% for 42 lines in 2008 and 23% for 52 lines in 2009. The resistant lines showed phenotypic diversity in response to anthracnose, suggesting potential genetic variation for resistance. Background on Sorghum Anthracnose and Ethiopian Germplasm Sorghum anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum Henn., is found in most sorghum producing regions worldwide and reported grain yield losses range from 30 to 67% (1,13). Disease symptoms are commonly observed on leaves, but the stalk, panicle, and seed can also show symptoms (7,12). Diagnostic signs of anthracnose are acervuli, asexual fruiting bodies, in the center of circular or elliptical lesions. The disease can be successfully managed using resistant varieties; however, the pathogen population is highly variable which reduces the longevity of resistant sources (8,14). New sources of resistance are needed and germplasm collections have been an important resource for resistance. However, the majority of sorghum germplasm from Africa is photoperiod sensitive and will not flower in the continental United States when planted during the summer growing season (6). This sensitivity to photoperiod limits the utilization of African germplasm for sorghum improvement in temperate regions. To overcome this limitation, the genes for photoperiod insensitivity have been backcrossed into African germplasm to develop new breeding lines (11). The development of these breeding lines was initiated in 1963 as a collaborative project between the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) and the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, Lubbock, TX. Population development was conducted in Puerto Rico during the winter growing season with selection of dwarf and photoperiod-insensitive lines conducted in Texas during the summer. The project developed 703 breeding lines from 1963 to 2004 (6). Since Ethiopia is an important center of diversity for sorghum, the photoperiod-insensitive breeding lines developed from Ethiopian germplasm were evaluated for resistance to anthracnose. 23 November 2010 Plant Health Progress Anthracnose Field Evaluation Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] germplasm from Ethiopia is an important resource for the development of improved grain sorghum varieties and the USDA-ARS, National Plant Germplasm System maintains 108 breeding lines developed from Ethiopian germplasm (6). Seed samples for 99 lines were obtained from the USDA-ARS, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit in Griffin, GA. The anthracnose evaluation was conducted at the USDA-ARS, Tropical Agriculture Research Station in Isabela, Puerto Rico, during the rainy season in 2008 and 2009 with the first experiment planted on 27 June 2008 and the second experiment planted on 6 April 2009. Eleven control genotypes representing diversity in anthracnose disease response were selected from previous evaluations. Five resistant control genotypes, NSL 4025 (Redlan), PI 533794 (SC110), PI 533991 (SC748), PI 534131 (SC30), and PI 595735 (SC1313), and six susceptible control genotypes, PI 173112, PI 211633, PI 534157 (SC170), PI 561472 (Sureño), PI 564163 (BTx623), and PI 609251, were included in the evaluation. Four of the control genotypes, PI 533794 (SC110), PI 534131 (SC30), PI 534157 (SC170), and PI 595735(SC1313), were also breeding lines developed from Ethiopian germplasm and were included as duplicate accessions in the evaluation. The germplasm lines were planted in single rows using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each row was 1.8 m in length with 0.9-m row spacing. A border row of an anthracnose susceptible genotype (PI 561472) was planted around each experimental field and Lorsban 15G (chlorpyrifos, Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN, USA) was applied in the seed furrow at a rate of 1.2 kg a.i./ha during planting to prevent seed loss from fire ants. Weeds were controlled with mechanical tillage and hand hoeing. For the 2008 evaluation, no fertilizer was applied and the field was irrigated three times before inoculation using overhead sprinklers with 76 mm applied. In 2009, the field was irrigated six times before inoculation with 108 mm applied. Fertilization was required in 2009 and side-banded 39 days after planting at a rate of 560 kg/ha (15-5-10 NPK). No irrigation was applied after inoculation for both experiments. Rainfall events occurred on 23 days before inoculation and on 32 days after inoculation in 2008 with a total of 88 mm of rainfall before inoculation and 441 mm after inoculation. The 2009 experiment received a total of 89 mm of rainfall before inoculation and 329 mm after inoculation with rainfall events occurring on 21 days before inoculation and on 41 days after inoculation. Ambient air temperature was similar for the experiments with a maximum temperature of 31°C and a minimum temperature of 17°C recorded in both 2008 and 2009. Mean temperature was 25°C in 2008 and 24°C in 2009. Inoculations were conducted by placing sorghum seed colonized by C. sublineolum in the leaf whorl of the plants for each line. Preparation of fungal cultures, field inoculation, and disease evaluation were as described by Erpelding and Prom (4). To represent the pathotypes in the pathogen population at the Isabela research station, leaf samples with disease symptoms were randomly collected from research plots and used to establish fungal cultures. Field inoculations were conducted 39 days after planting in 2008 and 37 days after planting in 2009 with disease evaluations conducted 30, 41, and 56 days after inoculation in 2008 and 14, 29, 40, and 62 days after inoculation in 2009, using a 1 to 5 rating scale. Resistant plants rated as 1 showed no disease symptoms and plants rated as 2 showed red spots or reddening of inoculated leaves and no acervuli. Moderately susceptible plants rated as 3 showed chlorotic lesions on inoculated leaves with acervuli in the center of the lesions. Susceptible plants rated as 4 showed necrotic lesions with abundant acervuli on inoculated leaves. Highly susceptible plants rated as 5 showed necrotic lesions with abundant acervuli and disease symptoms observed on noninoculated leaves including the flag leaf. Disease severity was determined from a visual estimate of the percentage of leaf area with symptoms for susceptible plants in a row. All rows and all plants in a row were visually evaluated. However, the number of plants evaluated in each row varied, since seed germination was poor for some accessions. The number of plants within a row ranged from 5 to 30 with most rows having 20 inoculated plants. The disease severity from the final evaluation was used for statistical analysis. The Statistix 9 software package (Analytical Software, Tallahassee, FL, USA) was used for the 23 November 2010 Plant Health Progress analysis of variance and mean comparisons were conducted using Tukey’s standardized range test (P = 0.05). Disease Response of Ethiopian Germplasm Lines Resistance to anthracnose was frequently observed for the breeding lines developed from Ethiopian sorghum germplasm (Table 1). In the 2008 experiment, 57 lines were rated as resistant and showed no acervuli on inoculated leaves. All lines that were rated as resistant showed red spots or reddening of inoculated leaves within 7 days after inoculation. The majority of the lines rated as susceptible showed acervuli on the flag leaf with 18 lines rated as highly susceptible across three replications. Four lines rated as susceptible showed a susceptible response for one replication and one line showed a susceptible response across two replications. Mean disease severity was less than 1% for the lines that showed variation in resistance across replications. For the 42 lines rated as susceptible in 2008, mean disease severity was 26%. Fifteen susceptible lines showed a mean disease severity greater than 25%. Mean disease severity was 48% for the 18 lines rated as highly susceptible with plant death observed for two lines, PI 576393 and PI 595736, during the final evaluation. Disease progression was rapid in 2008, and at 30 days after inoculation, 35 lines were rated as susceptible with 26 lines showing a susceptible response across three replications and four lines rated as highly susceptible (data not shown). Only one line of the 42 susceptible lines was not rated as susceptible within 41 days after inoculation, with eight lines showing a highly susceptible response across replications and 35 lines rated as susceptible across three replications. A lower frequency of resistant lines was observed in 2009 with 47 lines rated as resistant (Table 1). For the 52 lines rated as susceptible, 41 lines showed a susceptible response across replications with 10 lines showing a susceptible response for one replication and one line showed a susceptible response across two replications. Twenty-two lines showed a highly susceptible response across replications and plant death was observed for three lines, PI 534000, PI 576393, and PI 595736, during the final evaluation. Mean disease severity was 46% for the 22 highly susceptible lines. For the 52 lines rated as sus

Anthracnose Resistance in Sorghum Breeding Lines Developed from Ethiopian Germplasm