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Although phylogenies imply Asia as the ancestral homeland of the Hystricognathi clade, curiously the oldest known fossil occurrences are not from Asia but from Africa and South America, where they appear by the late middle Eocene. Here we performed cladistic and Bayesian assessments of the dental evidence documenting early ctenohystricans, including several Asian “ctenodactyloids”, all Palaeogene Asian and African hystricognaths, and two early South American hystricognaths. Our results provide a phylogenetic context of early hystricognaths (with implications on systematics) and suggest that some Eocene Asian “ctenodactyloids” could be considered as stem hystricognaths, although they were not recognized as such originally. This view does not fill the gap of the Eocene Asian hystricognath record, as the phylogeny implies many ghost lineages extending back to the middle Eocene for several Asian and African taxa. It also implies a complex early historical biogeography of the group, involving multiple dispersal events from Asia to Africa (and possibly from Africa back to Asia) and then to South America sometime during the middle Eocene. Based on these phylogenetic considerations, we discuss the emergence of hystricognathous rodents from a morpho-anatomical perspective, in analysing the differentiation of their masticatory apparatus and the chewing movements, notably though the evolut Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society

Emergence of hystricognathous rodents: Palaeogene fossil record, phylogeny, dental evolution and historical biogeography