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A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the association of haemoglobin concentration and moderate-to-severe anaemia with afebrile  Plasmodium falciparum  ( PF ) infection in 456 rural children aged 6–23 months. Capillary blood was obtained for haemoglobin concentration measurement by HemoCue® and malaria detection by blood smear microscopy. Anaemia was noted in 444 (97.4%) children with 194 (42.5%) being moderate-to-severe anaemia.  PF  infection was noted in 240 (52.6%) children with 117 (25.6%) being afebrile and 123 (27.0%) being febrile. Children with afebrile and those with febrile  PF  infection were more likely to have moderate-to-severe anaemia than children who were  PF -free, with odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.86 (1.07–3.23),  p  =  0.028 and 2.40 (1.29–4.48),  p  &lt;  0.001, respectively. These results underline the high burden of both anaemia and  PF  infection in this population. Strategies aiming at controlling malarial anaemia and based on malaria case-treatment should consider both febrile and afebrile  PF  infection to allow for a better impact.

journal of tropical pediatrics

Moderate-to-Severe Anaemia due to Afebrile  Plasmodium falciparum  Infection in Children aged 6–23 Months from the Rural District of Kongoussi, Burkina Faso