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As a result of rapid economic and social changes both under- and over-nutrition exist in the Arabian Gulf countries of Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The proportion of women breast feeding and the duration of breast feeding are declining with much of the decline having occurred during the oil boom period. Mixed feeding (breast and bottle) is the main feeding method during the first 6 months of life (43-55%). Many infants receive bottle feedings as early as the first day of life. Factors associated with early discontinuation of breast feeding include maternal illiteracy lack of nutrition awareness influence of advertising private physicians promotion of infant formula mothers employment high income early introduction of supplementary foods and unsound beliefs and attitudes. Environmental factors and unsound weaning habits have contributed to failure to grow after 6 months of life in the Gulf states. Unwise and unhygienic preparation of infant formula and weaning foods also adversely affect infant nutritional status and contribute to the high incidence of infantile diarrhea in the region. The rate of low birth weight is 6-8% but this is limited to hospital births. Iron deficiency is common in pregnant women which may contribute to low birth weight. The rate of underweight among preschool children ranges from 6.4% in Kuwait to 34% in Oman. The stunting rate ranges from 12.2% in Kuwait to 44% in Bahrain. Severe wasting is rare. Maternal vitamin D deficiency common in Saudi Arabia contributes to the pathogenesis of rickets in infants. Iron deficiency anemia is especially prevalent (e.g. 30-62% among preschoolers) in the region. Overall children in Kuwait have a better nutritional status than their Arab Gulf counterparts. There is underreporting of food poisoning and food-borne diseases in infants and young children. Poor hygienic practices are the likely causes for salmonellosis the most common food-borne disease among preschoolers in the region. Intestinal parasite infections are common. Lead poisoning is a common occurrence.

Nutritional Status of Infants and Young Children in the Arabian Gulf Countries