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Intraspecific variation in biomass production responses to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (eCO 2 ) could influence tree species' ecological and evolutionary responses to climate change. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying genotypic variation in responsiveness to eCO 2  remain poorly understood. In this study, we grew 17  Eucalyptus camaldulensis  Dehnh. subsp.  camaldulensis  genotypes (representing provenances from four different climates) under ambient atmospheric CO 2  and eCO 2 . We tested whether genotype leaf-scale photosynthetic and whole-tree carbon (C) allocation responses to eCO 2  were predictive of genotype biomass production responses to eCO 2 . Averaged across genotypes, growth at eCO 2  increased in situ leaf net photosynthesis ( A  net ) (29%) and leaf starch concentrations (37%). Growth at eCO 2  reduced the maximum carboxylation capacity of Rubisco (−4%) and leaf nitrogen per unit area ( N  area , −6%), but  N  area  calculated on a total non-structural carbohydrate-free basis was similar between treatments. Growth at eCO 2  also increased biomass production and altered C allocation by reducing leaf area ratio (−11%) and stem mass fraction (SMF, −9%), and increasing leaf mass area (18%) and leaf mass fraction (5%). Overall, we found few significant CO 2  × provenance or CO 2  × genotype (within provenance) interactions. However, genotypes that showed the largest increases in total dry mass at eCO 2  had larger increases in root mass fraction (with larger decreases in SMF) and photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE) with CO 2  enrichment. These results indicate that genetic differences in PNUE and carbon sink utilization (in roots) are both important predictors of tree productivity responsiveness to eCO 2 .

Photosynthesis and carbon allocation are both important predictors of genotype productivity responses to elevated CO 2 in Eucalyptus camaldulensis