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Citrus  are mainly grown in low pH soils with high active aluminum (Al). ‘Xuegan’ ( Citrus sinensis  (L.) Osbeck) and ‘Shatian pummelo’ ( Citrus grandis  (L.) Osbeck) seedlings were fertilized for 18 weeks with nutrient solution containing either 0 mM (control) or 1 mM (Al toxicity) AlCl 3 ·6H 2 O. Aluminum induced decreases of biomass, leaf photosynthesis, relative water content and total soluble protein levels, and increases of methylglyoxal levels only occurred in  C. grandis  roots and leaves. Besides, the Al-induced decreases of pigments and alterations of chlorophyll a fluorescence transients and fluorescence parameters were greater in  C. grandis  leaves than those in  C. sinensis  leaves. Aluminum-treated  C. grandis  had higher stem and leaf Al levels and similar root Al levels relative to Al-treated  C. sinensis , but lower Al distribution in roots and Al uptake per plant. Aluminum toxicity decreased nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur uptake per plant in  C. grandis  and  C. sinensis  seedlings, with the exception of Al-treated  C. sinensis  seedlings exhibiting increased sulfur uptake per plant and unaltered magnesium uptake per plant. Under Al-stress, macroelement uptake per plant was higher in  C. sinensis  than that in  C. grandis . Aluminum toxicity decreased the ratios of reduced glutathione/(reduced + oxidized glutathione) and of ascorbate/(ascorbate + dehydroascorbate) only in  C. grandis  roots and leaves. The activities of most antioxidant enzymes, sulfur metabolism-related enzymes and glyoxalases and the levels of S-containing compounds were higher in Al-treated  C. sinensis  roots and leaves than those in Al-treated  C. grandis  ones. Thus,  C. sinensis  displayed higher Al tolerance than  C. grandis  did. The higher Al tolerance of  C. sinensis  might involve: (i) more Al accumulation in roots and less transport of Al from roots to shoots; (ii) efficient maintenance of nutrient homeostasis; and (iii) efficient maintenance of redox homeostasis via detoxification systems of reactive oxygen species and methylglyoxal.

Aluminum effects on photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species and methylglyoxal detoxification in two Citrus species differing in aluminum tolerance