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Populus , a deciduous tree species of major economic and ecological value, grows across the range in which trees are distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. Patterns of DNA variation are often used to identify the evolutionary forces shaping the genotypes of distinctive species lineages. Sodium/hydrogen (Na + /H + ) antiporter genes have been shown to play a central role in plant salt tolerance. Here, we analyzed DNA nucleotide polymorphisms in the Na + /H +  antiporter ( NHX  and  SOS1 ) gene families across 30 different  Populus  species using several methods of phylogenetic analysis and functional verification.  NHX  and  SOS1  gene families in the genus  Populus  have expanded from the state in their common ancestors by duplication events, and their distinct lineages have been retained. Signals of positive selection at certain amino acid sites in different members of the Na/H antiporter gene families show that the dynamics that drive the evolution of each gene vary.  SOS1  has undergone duplication in  Populus euphratica  and been subjected to adaptive evolution in section  Turanga ; the paralog of  PeSOS1  ( PeSOS1.2 ) can complement the  Escherichia coli  mutant EP432; and the expression pattern of  PeSOS1.2  is different from that of  PeSOS1 , a fact which may have been beneficial for  P. euphratica , conferring a fitness advantage in saline habitats. The divergent evolution of the individual members of the  NHX  and  SOS1  gene families is likely to have been influenced by the varied ecological and environmental niches occupied by the different poplar species, giving rise to evolutionary footprints that reflect the specific functions and subcellular localizations of the proteins encoded by these genes.

Footprints of divergent evolution in two Na + /H + type antiporter gene families ( NHX and SOS1 ) in the genus Populus