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The ethylene response factor (ERF) family is one of the largest plant-specific transcription factor families, playing an important role in plant development and response to stresses. The  ERF76  gene is a member of the poplar ERF transcription factor gene family. First, we validated that the  ERF76  gene expressed in leaf and root tissues is responsive to salinity stress. We then successfully cloned the  ERF76  cDNA fragment containing an open reading frame from di-haploid  Populus simonii  ×  Populus nigra  and proved that ERF76 protein is targeted to the nucleus. Finally, we transferred the gene into the same poplar clone by the  Agrobacterium -mediated leaf disc method. Using both RNA-Seq and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we validated that expression level of  ERF76  is significantly higher in transgenic plants than that in the nontransgenic control. Using RNA-Seq data, we have identified 375 genes that are differentially expressed between the transgenic plants and the control under salt treatment. Among the differentially expressed genes, 16 are transcription factor genes and 45 are stress-related genes, both of which are upregulated significantly in transgenic plants, compared with the control. Under salt stress, the transgenic plants showed significant increases in plant height, root length, fresh weight, and abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) concentration compared with the control, suggesting that overexpression of  ERF76  in transgenic poplar upregulated the expression of stress-related genes and increased the ability of ABA and GA biosynthesis, which resulted in stronger tolerance to salt stress.

Transgenic poplar overexpressing the endogenous transcription factor ERF76 gene improves salinity tolerance