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Branch/tree-level measurements of carbon (C)-acquisition provide an integration of the physical and biological processes driving the C gain of all individual leaves. Most research dealing with the interacting effects of high-irradiance environments and soil-induced water stress on the C-gain of fruit tree species has focused on leaf-level measurements. The C-gain of both sun-exposed leaves and branches of adult almond trees growing in a semi-arid climate was investigated to determine the respective costs of structural and biochemical/physiological protective mechanisms involved in the behaviour at branch scale. Measurements were performed on well-watered (fully irrigated, FI) and drought-stressed (deficit irrigated, DI) trees. Leaf-to-branch scaling for net CO 2  assimilation was quantified by a  global  scaling factor ( f  g ), defined as the product of two specific scaling factors: (i) a  structural  scaling factor ( f  s ), determined under well-watered conditions, mainly involving leaf mutual shading; and (ii) a  water stress  scaling factor ( f  ws,b ) involving the limitations in C-acquisition due to soil water deficit. The contribution of structural mechanisms to limiting branch net C-gain was high (mean  f  s  ∼0.33) and close to the projected-to-total leaf area ratio of almond branches ( ε  = 0.31), while the contribution of water stress mechanisms was moderate (mean  f  ws,b  ∼0.85), thus supplying an  f  g  ranging between 0.25 and 0.33 with slightly higher values for FI trees with respect to DI trees. These results suggest that the almond tree (a drought-tolerant species) has acquired mechanisms of defensive strategy (survival) mainly based on a specific branch architectural design. This strategy allows the potential for C-gain to be preserved at  branch  scale under a large range of soil water deficits. In other words, almond tree branches exhibit an architecture that is suboptimal for C-acquisition under well-watered conditions, but remarkably efficient to counteract the impact of DI and drought events.

Leaf-to-branch scaling of C-gain in field-grown almond trees under different soil moisture regimes