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Montados are evergreen oak woodlands dominated by  Quercus  species, which are considered to be key to biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services. This ecosystem is often used for cattle breeding in most regions of the Iberian Peninsula, which causes plants to receive extra nitrogen as ammonia (NH 3 ) through the atmosphere. The effect of this atmospheric NH 3  (NH 3atm ) on ecosystems is still under discussion. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an NH 3atm  concentration gradient downwind of a cattle barn in a Montado area. Leaves from the selected  Quercus suber  L. trees along the gradient showed a clear influence of the NH 3  on δ 13 C, as a consequence of a strong limitation on the photosynthetic machinery by a reduction of both stomatal and mesophyll conductance. A detailed study of the impact of NH 3atm  on the photosynthetic performance of  Q. suber  trees is presented, and new mechanisms by which NH 3  affects photosynthesis at the leaf level are suggested.

Photosynthesis of Quercus suber is affected by atmospheric NH 3 generated by multifunctional agrosystems