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We isolated three  dormancy-associated MADS - box  ( DAM ) genes ( MADS13-1 ,  MADS13-2  and  MADS13-3 ) and showed regulated expression concomitant with endodormancy establishment and release in the leaf buds of Japanese pear ‘Kosui’. Comparative analysis between ‘Kosui’ and Taiwanese pear TP-85-119 (‘Hengshanli’), a less dormant pear cultivar, showed reduction of  MADS13-1  expression level in ‘Hengshanli’ earlier than in ‘Kosui’ towards endodormancy release, suggesting the possible relationship between chilling requirement and  MADS13-1  expression. Application of hydrogen cyanamide accelerated endodormancy release with a reduction in  MADS13  expression, whereas heat treatment in autumn inhibited endodormancy establishment without induction of  MADS13  expression, indicating a close relationship between the  MADS13  expression pattern and endodormancy phase transitions. Moreover, both the  cis -acting regulatory elements and the methylation status in the 5′ upstream region of the  MADS13-1  gene were not largely different between ‘Kosui’ and ‘Hengshanli’. Genomic structures of  MADS13-1  from ‘Kosui’ and ‘Hengshanli’ revealed a 3218 bp insertion in the first intron of ‘Hengshanli’ that might be ascribed to the lower expression of  MADS13-1tw ; however, this insertion was also found in pear genotypes with a high chilling requirement. These results indicated that the low expression of  MADS13-1  in ‘Hengshanli’ towards endodormancy release could not be explained by the identified  cis -acting regulatory elements, the methylation status of the putative promoter or by intron insertion.

tree physiology

Expression and genomic structure of the  dormancy-associated MADS box  genes MADS13 in Japanese pears ( Pyrus pyrifolia  Nakai) that differ in their chilling requirement for endodormancy release