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Vineyards were planted in the arid region of northwest China to meet the local economic strategy while reducing agricultural water use. Sap flow, environmental variables, a plant characteristic (sapwood-to-leaf area ratio,  A  s / A  l ) and a canopy characteristic (leaf area index,  L ) were measured in a vineyard in the region during the growing season of 2009, and hourly canopy stomatal conductance ( G  si ) was estimated for individual vines to quantify the relationships between  G  si  and these variables. After accounting for the effects of vapor pressure deficit ( D ) and solar radiation ( R  s ) on  G  si , much of the remaining variation of reference  G  si  ( G  siR ) was driven by that of leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity, which in turn was driven by that of  A  s / A  l . After accounting for that effect on  G  siR , appreciable temporal variation remained in the decline rate of  G  siR  with decreasing vineyard-averaged relative extractable soil water (θ E ). This variation was related to the differential decline ofθ E  near each monitored vine, decreasing faster between irrigation events near vines where  L  was greater, thus adding to the spatiotemporal variation of  G  siR  observed in the vineyard. We also found that the vines showed isohydric-like behavior whenθ E  was low, but switched to anisohydric-like behavior with increasingθ E . Modeledθ E  and associated  G  s  of a canopy with even  L  (1.9 m 2  m −2 ) were greater than that of the same average  L  but split between the lowest and highest  L  observed along sections of rows in the vineyard (1.2 and 2.6 m 2  m −2 ) by 6 and 12%, respectively. Our results suggest that managing sectional  L  near the average, rather than allowing a wide variation, can reduce soil water depletion, maintaining  G  s  higher, thus potentially enhancing yield.

tree physiology

Spatiotemporal variation of crown-scale stomatal conductance in an arid  Vitis vinifera  L. cv. Merlot vineyard: direct effects of hydraulic properties and indirect effects of canopy leaf area