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This paper reports on variation in leaf area index ( L ) in five  Eucalyptus globulus  Labill. plantations in response to application of nitrogen, thinning at age 2 years and variation in climate wetness index (the ratio of rainfall to potential evaporation). Observed  L  is compared with: (i)  L  predicted to optimize net primary productivity for a given average annual temperature, annual water use and potential evaporation ( L  opt ) and (ii)  L  calculated as a linear function of climate wetness index ( L  eq ).  L  peaked in fertilized plots at between 4 and 5 years of age or immediately after canopy closure. The value of  L  from canopy closure to age 8 years was not strongly related to annual rainfall or climate wetness index. At two sites with total soil nitrogen &lt;1.2 mg g −  1 ,  L  in fertilized plots was about two units greater than in unfertilized plots. This difference persisted until measurements ended in 2004 when the trees were 8 years old. The  L  of plots thinned to 300 and 600 stems ha −  1  at age 2 years recovered quickly and was not significantly different from  L  in unthinned plots when the trees were 8 years old.  L  opt  was a good predictor of the leaf area index of 8-year-old plots of  E. globulus  when nitrogen and phosphorus were non-limiting (model efficiency (EF) was 0.5). For the same plots,  L  eq  underestimated observed  L  by an average of two units, and the model efficiency was low (−3.25). Data from two nitrogen-limited sites demonstrated that for fertilized plots  L  opt  (EF = 0.6) was a much better predictor of  L  than  L  eq  (EF = −3.36). At the same sites,  L  eq  (EF = 0.42) was a better model for predicting  L  of unfertilized plots than  L  opt  (−3.59). These results provide evidence that comparing observed  L  with  L  opt  can identify stands limited by factors other than growing climate.

Observed and modelled leaf area index in Eucalyptus globulus plantations: tests of optimality and equilibrium hypotheses