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Using the non-invasively ion-selective microelectrode technique, flux profiles of K + , Na +  and H +  in mature roots and apical regions, and the effects of Ca 2+  on ion fluxes were investigated in salt-tolerant poplar species,  Populus euphratica  Oliver and salt-sensitive  Populus simonii × (P. pyramidalis + Salix matsudana ) ( Populus popularis  35-44,  P. popularis ). Compared to  P. popularis ,  P. euphratica  roots exhibited a greater capacity to retain K +  after exposure to a salt shock (SS, 100 mM NaCl) and a long-term (LT) salinity (50 mM NaCl, 3 weeks). Salt shock-induced K +  efflux in the two species was markedly restricted by K +  channel blocker, tetraethylammonium chloride, but enhanced by sodium orthovanadate, the inhibitor of plasma membrane (PM) H + -ATPase, suggesting that the K +  efflux is mediated by depolarization-activated (DA) channels, e.g., KORCs (outward rectifying K +  channels) and NSCCs (non-selective cation channels).  Populus euphratica  roots were more effective to exclude Na +  than  P. popularis  in an LT experiment, resulting from the Na + /H +  antiport across the PM. Moreover, pharmacological evidence implies that the greater ability to control K + /Na +  homeostasis in salinized  P. euphratica  roots is associated with the higher H + -pumping activity, which provides an electrochemical H +  gradient for Na + /H +  exchange and simultaneously decreases the NaCl-induced depolarization of PM, thus reducing Na +  influx via NSCCs and K +  efflux through DA-KORCs and DA-NSCCs. Ca 2+  application markedly limited salt-induced K +  efflux but enhanced the apparent Na +  efflux, thus enabling the two species, especially the salt-sensitive poplar, to retain K + /Na +  homeostasis in roots exposed to prolonged NaCl treatment.

Calcium mediates root K + /Na + homeostasis in poplar species differing in salt tolerance