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Adventitious rooting of walnut species ( Juglans  L.) is known to be rather difficult, especially for mature trees. The adventitious root formation (ARF) capacities of mature trees can be significantly improved by rejuvenation. However, the underlying gene regulatory networks (GRNs) of rejuvenation remain largely unknown. To characterize such regulatory networks, we carried out the transcriptomic study using RNA samples of the cambia and peripheral tissues on the bottom of rejuvenated and mature walnut ( Juglans hindsii  ×  J. regia ) cuttings during the ARF. The RNA sequencing data suggested that zeatin biosynthesis, energy metabolism and substance metabolism were activated by rejuvenation, whereas photosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis and the synthesis pathways for secondary metabolites were inhibited. The inter- and intra-module GRNs were constructed using differentially expressed genes. We identified 35 hub genes involved in five modules associated with ARF. Among these hub genes, particularly,  beta-glucosidase-like  ( BGLs ) family members involved in auxin metabolism were overexpressed at the early stage of the ARF. Furthermore,  BGL12  from the cuttings of  Juglans  was overexpressed in  Populus alba  ×  P. glandulosa . Accelerated ARF and increased number of ARs were observed in the transgenic poplars. These results provide a high-resolution atlas of gene activity during ARF and help to uncover the regulatory modules associated with the ARF promoted by rejuvenation.

Rejuvenation remodels transcriptional network to improve rhizogenesis in mature Juglans tree