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Patterns of carbon allocation in northern red oak ( Quercus rubra  L.), characterized by episodic growth through recurrent single-season flushing, vary by growth stage. To examine post-transplant timing and carbohydrate sources for new root growth, dormant, bare-root, half-sibling northern red oak seedlings were transplanted to pots and placed in a favorable growth chamber environment. Unlabeled seedlings were harvested at transplant and at the bud swell stage. After leaf emergence, seedlings were exposed to  14 CO 2  at the linear shoot, linear leaf or lag growth stages. Seedlings were then placed in a growth room for 48 h to allow for translocation of  14 C-labeled current photosynthate and its stabilization in sink component plant parts. Seedlings were subsequently harvested and tissue  14 C: 12 C ratio analyzed. New root growth began during the linear shoot growth stage. However, no increase in  14 C: 12 C ratio was found in new roots until the linear leaf and lag growth stages, indicating a downward shift in translocation of current photosynthate to fuel new root growth. In old roots,  14 C: 12 C ratio increased at the lag stage. Our results indicate that both stored carbohydrates and current photosynthate contribute to new root growth of transplanted northern red oak seedlings; stored carbohydrates promote initial new root proliferation, whereas current photosynthate assumes a greater role as new leaves mature and the flush terminates. Optimizing nursery practices to increase carbohydrate reserves may reduce the time required to establish root–soil contact and facilitate early post-planting survival.

Carbon translocation patterns associated with new root proliferation during episodic growth of transplanted Quercus rubra seedlings †