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Interspecific hybrids between eastern white pine ( Pinus strobus  L.) and Himalayan blue pine ( P. wallichiana  A. B. Jacks.) were developed in Ontario, Canada, to introduce blister rust ( Cronartium ribicola  Fisch.) resistance genes to  P. strobus . There is concern that introducing blister rust resistance has resulted in reduced cold hardiness of the progeny compared with non-hybridized eastern white pine. To test the efficacy of backcrossing with  P. strobus  to improve cold hardiness, 1-year-old seedlings from hybrid crosses differing in  P. strobus  genome composition were artificially freeze-tested. In Experiment 1, unhardened seedlings were allowed to acclimate to progressively lower temperatures in a growth room, whereas in Experiment 2, seedlings were hardened outdoors under natural weather conditions in Sault Ste Marie, Ontario. Needle cold injury was determined by calculating relative electrical conductivity based on post-freezing electrolyte leakage. Results indicated that needle fascicles from unhardened seedlings of all genotypes in the greenhouse tolerated −5 °C for 3 hours with little or no injury. Cold hardiness increased in parallel with declining growth room minimum temperature over the 7-week period of hardening. Cold hardiness was improved for hybrid crosses with increased  Pinus strobus  genome composition in Experiment 2, but the results were less conclusive in Experiment 1.

Cold hardiness of interspecific hybrids between Pinus strobus and P. wallichiana measured by post-freezing needle electrolyte leakage