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Aluminum (Al) resistance in some leguminous plants is achieved by enhanced citrate release from roots. Enhancement requires several hours for complete activation and is postulated to involve Al-responsive genes or components. We examined the mechanism of Al-induced citrate release by studying the relationship between citrate release and expression of the mitochondrial citrate synthase ( mCS ) gene in three leguminous trees. Root elongation in  Leucaena leucocephala  (Lam.) de Wit was arrested within 24 h by 30 μM Al, whereas root elongation in  Paraserianthes falcataria  (L.) Neilson and  Acacia mangium  Willd. was inhibited &lt; 50% by a 48-h treatment with 100 μM Al in calcium chloride solution. Roots of  P. falcataria  and  A. mangium  maintained enhanced release and accumulation of citrate for at least 28 days in response to Al treatment. Aluminum increased the accumulation of  mCS  transcripts in  P. falcataria  roots, but not in  L. leucocephala  roots, and thus up-regulation decreased following removal of Al. Lanthanum did not alter the expression level of  mCS . Aluminum increased mCS activity concomitantly with enhanced  mCS  gene expression in  P. falcataria , whereas it did not affect mCS activity in  L. leucocephala . Aluminum content in root apices of  P. falcataria  was increased by cycloheximide, supporting the idea that de novo synthesis of proteins is a prerequisite for Al resistance. Our findings suggest that Al-inducible expression of  mCS  coupled with enhanced citrate release mediates Al resistance in  P. falcataria .

tree physiology

Citrate-release-mediated aluminum resistance is coupled to the inducible expression of mitochondrial citrate synthase gene in  Paraserianthes falcataria