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Several deciduous broad-leaved tree species, differing in leaf phenology, invade larch ( Larix kaempferii  (Lamb.) Carrière) plantations in Japan. The understory light environment of larch forests changes drastically between the leafy and leafless periods. To determine how the invading seedlings exploit the changing light environment, and if phenological differences reflect the light- and nitrogen-use traits of the seedlings, we measured leaf phenology, seasonal changes in light-saturated photosynthetic rate ( P  sat ), leaf nitrogen (N) content ( N  area ), chlorophyll/nitrogen ratio (Chl/N), specific leaf area (SLA) and N remobilization rate (NRMR) over 3 years. The mid-successional or gap-phase species,  Magnolia hypoleuca  Siebold &amp; Zucc., had a short leafy period and high  P  sat  and NRMR. In contrast, two late-successional tree species,  Prunus ssiori  Friedr. Schmidt, which undergoes leaf flush before larch, and  Carpinus cordata  Blume, which maintains green leaves until frost, both had low  P  sat  and NRMR but exploited the opportunity for growth during the period when the larch canopy trees were leafless.  Quercus mongolica  Fisch. ex Ledeb. var.  crispula  (Blume) Ohashi, a mid–late-successional species that underwent leaf flush at the same time as the overstory larch, had values of photosynthetic parameters between those of the gap-phase and late-successional species. Among species,  M. hypoleuca  and  Q. mongolica  had higher photosynthetic rates and photosynthetic N-use efficiencies. In all species, the relationship between  N  area  and  P  sat  showed species-specific yearly fluctuations; however, there was no yearly fluctuation in the relationship between  N  area  and  P  sat  at CO 2  saturation. Yearly fluctuations in the  N  area — P  sat  relationship appeared to be induced by changes in SLA and N-use characteristics, which in turn are affected by climatic variations.

Seasonal and yearly variations in light use and nitrogen use by seedlings of four deciduous broad-leaved tree species invading larch plantations