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We studied variations in water relations and drought response in five Himalayan tree species ( Schima wallichii  (DC.) Korth. (chilaune) and  Castanopsis indica  (Roxb.) Miq. (dhale katus) at an elevation of 1400 m,  Quercus lanata  Smith (banjh) and  Rhododendron arboreum  Smith (lali gurans) at 2020 m, and  Quercus semecarpifolia  Smith (khasru) at 2130 m) at Phulchowki Hill, Kathmandu, Nepal. Soil water potential at 15 (Ψ s15 ) and 30 cm (Ψ s30 ) depths, tree water potential at predawn (Ψ pd ) and midday (Ψ md ), and leaf conductance during the morning ( g  wAM ) and afternoon ( g  wPM ) were observed from December 1998 to April 2001, except during the monsoon months. There was significant variation among sites, species and months in Ψ pd , Ψ md ,  g  wAM  and  g  wPM , and among months for all species for Ψ s15 . Mean Ψ pd  and Ψ md  were lowest in  Q. semecarpifolia  (-0.40 and -1.18 MPa, respectively) and highest in  S. wallichii  (-0.20 and -0.63 MPa, respectively). The minimum Ψ value for all species (-0.70 to -1.79 MPa) was observed in March 1999, after 4 months of unusually low rainfall. Some patterns of Ψ pd  were related to phenology and leaf damage. During leafing, Ψ pd  often increased. Mean  g  wAM  and  g  wPM  were highest in  Q. semecarpifolia  (172 and 190 mmol m −2  s −1 , respectively) and lowest in  C. indica  (78 and 74 mmol m −2  s −1 , respectively). Soil water potential (Ψ) at 15 cm depth correlated with plant Ψ in all species, but rarely with  g  wAM  and not with  g  wPM . Plant Ψ declined with increasing elevation, whereas  g  w  increased. As Ψ pd  declined, so did maximal  g  w , but overall,  g  w  was correlated with Ψ pd  only for  R. arboreum .  Schima wallichii  maintained high Ψ, with low stomatal conductance, as did  Castanopsis indica , except that  C. indica  had low Ψ during dry months.  Rhododendron arboreum  maintained high Ψ pd  and  g  w , despite low soil Ψ.  Quercus lanata  had low  g  w  and low Ψ pd  in some months, but showed no correlation between tree Ψ and  g  w .  Quercus semecarpifolia , which grows at the highest elevation, had low soil and plant Ψ and high  g  w .

Patterns of leaf conductance and water potential of five Himalayan tree species