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Aluminum (Al) tolerance mechanisms in crop plants have been extensively researched, but our understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying Al tolerance in trees is still limited. To investigate Al tolerance in eucalypts, seedlings of six species ( Eucalyptus globulus  Labill.,  Eucalyptus urophylla  S.T. Blake,  Eucalyptus dunnii  Maiden,  Eucalyptus saligna  Sm.,  Eucalyptus cloeziana  F. J. Muell. and  Eucalyptus grandis  w. Hill ex Maiden) and seedlings of six clones of  Eucalyptus  species were grown for 10 days in nutrient solutions containing Al concentrations varying from 0 to 2.5 μM (0 to 648 μM Al 3+  activities). Root elongation of most species was inhibited only by high Al 3+  activities. Low to intermediate Al 3+  activities were beneficial to root elongation of all species and clones. Among the species tested,  E. globulus  and  E. urophylla  were more tolerant to Al toxicity, whereas  E. grandis  and  E. cloeziana  were more susceptible to Al-induced damage. Although  E. globulus  seedlings were tolerant to Al toxicity, they were highly sensitive to lanthanum (La), indicating that the tolerance mechanism is specific for Al. Fine roots accumulated more Al and their elongation was inhibited more than that of thick roots. In  E. globulus , accumulation of Al in root tips increased linearly with increasing Al concentration in the nutrient solution. The majority of Al taken up was retained in the root system, and the small amounts of Al translocated to the shoot system were found mainly in older leaves. No more than 60% of the Al in the thick root tip was in an exchangeable form in the apoplast that could be removed by sequential citrate rinses. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and ion chromatography analyses indicated that root exposure to Al led to a greater than 200% increase in malic acid concentration in the root tips of all eucalypt species. The increase in malate concentration in response to Al treatment correlated with the degree of Al tolerance of the species. A small increase in citric acid concentration was also observed in all species, but there were no consistent changes in the concentrations of other organic acids in response to Al treatment. In all eucalypt species, Al treatment induced the secretion of citric and malic acid in root exudates, but no trend with respect to Al tolerance was observed. Thus, although malate and citrate exudation by roots may partially account for the overall high Al tolerance of these eucalypt species, it appears that tolerance is mainly derived from the internal detoxification of Al by complexation with malic acid.

Responses of eucalypt species to aluminum: the possible involvement of low molecular weight organic acids in the Al tolerance mechanism