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At the Wind River Canopy Crane Facility in southeastern Washington State, USA, we examined phenotypic variation between upper- and lower-canopy branches of old-growth  Thuja plicata  J. Donn ex D. Don (western red cedar). Lower-canopy branches were longer, sprouted fewer daughter branches per unit stem length and were more horizontal than upper-canopy branches.  Thuja plicata  holds its foliage in fronds, and these had less projected area per unit mass, measured by specific frond area, and less overlap, measured by silhouette to projected area ratio (SPAR max ), in the lower canopy than in the upper canopy. The value of SPAR max , used as an indicator of sun and shade foliage in needle-bearing species, did not differ greatly between upper- and lower-canopy branches. We suggest that branching patterns, as well as frond structure, are important components of morphological plasticity in  T. plicata . Our results imply that branches of old-growth  T. plicata  trees have a guerilla growth pattern, responding to changes in solar irradiance in a localized manner.

Branch and foliage morphological plasticity in old-growth Thuja plicata