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To determine the relationship between phloem transport and changes in phloem water content, we measured temporal and spatial variations in water content and sucrose, glucose and fructose concentrations in phloem samples and phloem exudates of 70- and 30-year-old Norway spruce trees ( Picea abies  (L.) Karst.). Large temporal and spatial variations in phloem water content (1.4–2.6 mg mg dw  −1 ) and phloem total sugar concentration (31–70 mg g dw  −1 ) paralleled each other ( r  2  = 0.83,  P  &lt; 0.0001 for the temporal profile and  r  2  = 0.96,  P  &lt; 0.008 for the spatial profile), indicating that phloem water content depends on the total amount of sugar to be transferred. Changes in phloem water content were unrelated to changes in bark thickness. Maximum changes in phloem water content calculated from dendrometer readings were only 8–11% of the maximum measured changes in phloem water content, indicating that reversible changes in bark thickness did not reflect changes in internal water relations.

Water content and bark thickness of Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) stems: phloem water capacitance and xylem sap flow