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The decomposition and fate of  15 N-labeled beech litter was monitored in three European beech ( Fagus sylvatica  L.) forests (Aubure, France; Ebrach, Germany; and Collelongo, Italy) for 3 years. Circular plots around single beech trees were isolated from roots of neighboring trees by soil trenching, and annual litterfall was replaced by  15 N-labeled litter. Nitrogen was continuously released from the decomposing litter. However, over a 2-year period, this release was balanced by the incorporation of exogenous N. Released N accumulated mainly at the soil surface and in the topsoil. Microbial biomass remained almost constant during the experiment at all sites except for considerably lower values at Ebrach. The  15 N enrichment of the microbial biomass increased strongly during the first year and then remained stable. The  15 N released from the decomposing litter was rapidly detected in roots and leaves of the beech trees, increasing regularly and linearly over the course of the experiment. The uptake of litter-released  15 N by the trees was reduced under conditions that reduced tree growth. Under these conditions, leaves and fine roots were the dominant N sinks, and little N was allocated to other plant parts. By contrast, N uptake and N allocation from leaves to stem and bark tissues increased when tree growth was enhanced. Budgets for  15 N showed that 2 to 4% of litter-released N was incorporated into the trees, about 35% remained in the litter and about 50% reached the topsoil.

Fate of nitrogen released from 15 N-labeled litter in European beech forests