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To clarify the early steps of symbiotic establishment, we studied the dynamics of  Pinus pinaster  (Ait.) Sol. tap root colonization and mycorrhiza formation by an IAA-overproducing mutant of the ectomycorrhizal fungus  Hebeloma cylindrosporum  Romagnesi and by the corresponding wild type strain. Differences between wild type and mutant strains were quantitative rather than qualitative and were detected two days after inoculation. Both fungal strains established a typical Hartig net when they colonized the tap roots. Consequently, colonized tap roots exhibited features of a true mycorrhiza and fungal colonization enhanced plant growth. Fungal colonization and Hartig net formation were more rapid with the mutant than with the wild type. Colonization, especially with the mutant strain, increased rhizogenesis and the production of mycorrhizas. The mutant formed a hypertrophic Hartig net in tap roots and mycorrhizal short roots and we obtained evidence that the process of short root transformation into mycorrhiza started before their emergence from the tap root. Hyphae of the Hartig net in the tap root penetrated the cortex of young lateral roots at the beginning of their elongation, after the endodermis layer broke under the pressure of the elongating lateral root. Colonization was inhibited when triiodobenzoic acid was added to the culture medium, providing circumstantial evidence that auxin is involved in mycorrhiza formation.

Dynamics of symbiotic establishment between an IAA-overproducing mutant of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum and Pinus pinaster