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Roots from healthy and diseased mature ponderosa pine,  Pinus ponderosa  Laws., trees were excavated from a site near Burns, Oregon. The diseased trees were infected with black-stain root disease,  Leptographium wageneri  Kendrick, or annosus root disease,  Heterobasidion annosum  (Fr.) Bref., or both. Axial hydraulic conductivity of the roots was measured under a positive head pressure of 5 kPa, and the conducting area was stained with safranin dye to determine specific conductivity ( k  s ). In diseased roots, only 8–12% of the cross-sectional xylem area conducted water. Resin-soaked xylem completely restricted water transport and accounted for 13–16% of the loss in conducting area. In roots with black-stain root disease, 17% of the loss in conducting area was associated with unstained xylem, possibly resulting from occlusions or embolisms. Based on the entire cross-sectional area of infected roots, the  k  s  of roots infected with black-stain root disease was 4.6% of that for healthy roots, whereas the  k  s  of roots infected with annosus root disease was 2.6% of that for healthy roots. Although these low values were partly the result of the presence of a large number of diseased roots (72%) with no conducting xylem, the  k  s  of functional xylem of diseased roots was only 33% of that for healthy roots. The low  k  s  values of functional xylem in diseased roots may be caused by fungus induced occlusions preceding cavitation and embolism of tracheids. The  k  s  of disease-free roots from diseased trees was only 70% of that for healthy roots from healthy trees. The disease-free roots had the same mean tracheid diameter and tissue density as the healthy roots, suggesting that the lower  k  s  in disease-free roots of diseased trees may also have been caused by partial xylary occlusions.

tree physiology

Hydraulic conductivity in roots of ponderosa pine infected with black-stain ( Leptographium wageneri ) or annosus ( Heterobasidion annosum ) root disease