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In a greenhouse experiment, potted coastal Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii  (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were grown in miniature “Nelder” (Nelder 1962) plots where growing space varied from 265 to 2555 cm 2  per plant. After thirty weeks, mean plant height, crown biomass and branch number increased significantly ( P  = 0.0141) with decreasing growing space (increasing plant density). Differences in height growth became apparent about six weeks after sowing. Furthermore, horizontally reflected radiation measured within the Nelder plots showed a decrease in red:far-red ratio (R:FR) from 1.2 at the lowest density to 0.71 at the highest. Plant height was strongly inversely correlated with estimated phytochrome photoequilibrium values ( r  2  = 0.893). Field measurements made in a three-year-old variable density plantation also showed a decrease in R:FR with increasing planting density from 300 to 3,000 trees ha −1 . These results support the hypothesis that young Douglas-fir seedlings are able to detect, through the phytochrome system, the presence of nearby seedlings owing to the depletion of R relative to FR in the spectra reflected by the foliage of the adjacent plants. They then adjust their growth allometry in a way that reduces the possibility of being over topped by these future competitors.

Evidence for red:far red signaling and photomorphogenic growth response in Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ) seedlings