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The development of anatomical, hydraulic and biomechanical properties in Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris  L.) stems aged 7 to 59 years was followed. The hydraulic diameter and length of tracheids increased with age to a maximum at 15 and 35 years, respectively. Number of tracheids per unit of sapwood area decreased with age to a minimum of 500–600 tracheids mm −2 . Variations in specific hydraulic conductivity and Young's modulus of stems were associated with variation in anatomical properties.

Biomechanical and hydraulic determinants of tree structure in Scots pine: anatomical characteristics