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Recently, studies on circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) as potential biomarkers of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) have received increasing attention. It has been demonstrated that miR-122 and miR-192, which are liver enriched, could be potential biomarkers of DILI; however, these miRNAs cannot discern types of injuries. In the present study, we comprehensively analyzed time-dependent plasma miRNA profiles in rats with drug- or chemical-induced hepatocellular injury, cholestasis, and steatosis with high-throughput miRNA sequencing. To enable the comparison of miRNA expression levels between DILI models with different severity and peak time of injuries, the stages of injury were defined as early, middle, and late, according to cluster patterns of miRNA expression profiles. Through differential analysis, we characterized miRNAs that were specifically up- or down-regulated in each DILI model. Several miRNAs were dramatically changed earlier than traditional biomarkers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). For example, in an acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatocellular injury model, plasma let-7b-5p was up-regulated as early as 3 h after dosing, whereas a significant change in ALT level was observed at 12 h. We then focused on the DILI type-specific miRNAs in plasma that were up-regulated at the early stage of injury. RT-qPCR analysis validated that let-7b-5p and miR-1-3p for hepatocellular injury, miR-143-3p and miR-218a-5p for cholestasis, and miR-320-3p for steatosis models showed significant increases in the early stage of the injuries. The present study suggests the utility of miRNAs as specific biomarkers for the early detection of DILI.

Identification of Specific MicroRNA Biomarkers in Early Stages of Hepatocellular Injury, Cholestasis, and Steatosis in Rats