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Homeostatic synaptic plasticity (HSP) helps to stabilize the neuronal network activity, which is essential for optimal information coding. Synaptic scaling is a form of homeostatic plasticity that stabilizes neuronal firing in response to activity blockade. Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous environmental neuro-toxicant and can impair the input-specific Hebbian type synaptic plasticity, but whether Pb exerts effects in HSP remains unknown. We previously reported that blocking L-type calcium channel induces synaptic scaling, which stimulates the synthesis of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) and the expression of GluA2-lacking α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor. Given Pb is a potent blocker of calcium channel, we hypothesized Pb may participate in synaptic scaling accompanied by RA synthesis and AMPA receptor trafficking. In this study, cultured hippocampal neurons were treated with Pb (1 μM 5 min, 15 min, 4 h, 24 h, and 10 μM 24 h) alone or in combination with tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 μM, 24 h). The results showed that Pb alone, either at 1 μM or 10 μM, cannot induce synaptic scaling. But Pb participated in synaptic scaling when concurrent with TTX (10 μM Pb + 1 μM TTX, 24 h). Further results showed that surface heteromeric GluA1 and GluA2 AMPA receptors were increased in TTX+ Pb-induced synaptic scaling. In addition, RA was proved not to participate in TTX+ Pb-mediated synaptic scaling. Taken together, our work supported that TTX+ Pb could induce synaptic scaling and enhance synaptic accumulation of AMPAR GluA1 and GluA2 during synaptic up scaling. Our study would help for elucidation of the Pb-induced neuronal network instability mechanism.

Effect of Pb Exposure on Synaptic Scaling Through Regulation of AMPA Receptor Surface Trafficking