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Slow-wave activity (SWA) shows an inverted U-shaped time course during development. Specifically, maximal SWA undergoes a posteroanterior shift from 2 to 20 years of age, which may reflect cortical maturation. Previously, we showed that greater slow sigma power during sleep predicted faster reaction time in preschool-aged children. To date, little is known about the relationship between SWA and processing speed (PS), a basic fundament underlying complex cognitive skills in early development. Methods This project examined the relationship between SWA and PS in 2.5-3.0-year-old children (n=26, 50% males) via home-based assessments. After a 5-day stabilization sleep schedule, a baseline sleep EEG recording was performed on participants at 4 electrode placements: Fz, Oz, C3, and C4. SWA EEG spectral power was quantified in the 0.75-4.5 Hz rangeduring the first 60 minutes of NREM sleep. PS was obtained as part of a standard cognitive assessment via a computer-based task one hour after waking from a midday nap. Results On average, reaction time (PS) was 2111 ± 08 ms and SWA was 856.4 ± 300.7 µV2/Hz. Increased SWA in the occipital region was predictive of a longer reaction time and therefore slower PS (r = 0.44, p = 0.03). This relationship showed differences between sexes, suggesting that females (r = 0.26, p = 0.07) may show a stronger association between SWA in the occipital brain region and PS than males (r = 0.09, p = 0.33). Conclusion Interestingly, these findings contradict our hypothesis based on previous data with older children indicating that greater SWA was associated with more advanced behavioral and cognitive skills. This discrepancy may reflect the stark individual differences present within this rapidly maturing age group. Support Research support from NIH R01-MH086566 to MKL.

0321 Increased Slow-Wave Activity Predicts Slower Processing Speed in Toddlers