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We comparedfive types of visual mast surveys with seed trap datafrom 105 white oaks (Quercus alba L.) during 1996-1997 in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas. We also evaluated these visual survey methodsfor their usefulness in detecting diflerences in acom density among areas. Indices derivedfrom allfive methods were highly correlated with acorn densitiesderivedfrom traps, and the Koenig method had the highest r-values. Categorical surveys using fewer than six categories yielded significantly difSerent acorn densities among al1 categories, whereas surveys using nine or ten categories did not. Al1 survey methods detected moderate to large acorn density differences amongfour study areas. We found no difference in the effectiveness of visual surveys in dense versus open-forested conditions. Visual surveys are an effective methodfor evaluating acornproduction and may be superior to seed trapsfor comparisons of acom production in tree canopies since

Estimating Mast Production: An Evaluation of Visual Surveys and Comparison with Seed Traps using White Oaks