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Visual estimates of soil and site disturbances are used by foresters, soil scientists, logging supervisors. and machinery operators to minimize harvest disturbances to forest sites, to evaIuate compliance with forestry Best Management Practices (BMPs), and to determine the need for ameliorative practices such as tnechanical site preparation. Although visual estimates are commonly used by field personnel, the actual relationships of visually determined soil disturbance classes to various soil physical properties and site characteristics have not been determined The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate if visually derermined soil disturbance classes ore related to quantitative soil end site properties that are known to influence soil productivity and hydro!ogic function. Several types of quantitative da;a were evaluated within the soil disturbance classes: static data (bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, total, capillary, noncapillary pore space, and soil roughness) and dynamic data (mechanical resistance, volumetric soil moisture, subsurface water table depth). All data were collected from a long-term forest productivity study located in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina The study is a randomized complete block design with two harvest disturbance levels (wet-weather harvest vs. dry-weather harvest) and a maximum offive site soil disturbance (SD) classes. Disturbance classes included undisturbed (SDO), compressed but not rutted (SDI), rutted (SD2), deeply rutted (SD3). and churned (SD4). Analyses revealed that three static variables(soi1 bulkdensity, saturated hydraulicconductivity, mucropore pore space) and two dynamic variables (depth of the subsurface water tabk and mechanical resistance) were significantly related to disturbance. Although undisturbed and compressed areas generally were affected less

Visually Determined Soil Disturbance Classes Used as Indices of Forest Harvesting Disturbance