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The crushing of the Hungarian revolution of October-November 1956 by Soviet troops led to the largest outpouring of refugees since the erection of the iron curtain designed to prevent flight from the communist countries and since the adoption of the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees. The people who stayed behind in Hungary were bitterly disappointed because of the lack of help from the leading Western countries and from the United Nations. The refugees, however, benefited from the worldwide sympathy with the cause of Hungarian freedom and independence and were exceptionally well received once they crossed the border as well as in the countries where they were rapidly resettled. The story of the Hungarian refugees became a success story: for the Hungarian refugees and for the international community as a whole (including IOM and UNHCR), a success story of unprecedented international solidarity with close to 200,000 refugees. Neither before, nor since has there been such an outpouring of solidarity with refugees by governments and the population at large in Europe and virtually throughout the world.1 The Hungarian refugees enjoyed both material assistance and the legal protection of their host countries. They found jobs, received scholarships and started a new life under favorable conditions. This was the time in the late 1950s, early 1960s when international tourism and travel began to expand with the growing prosperity of the free world. While most countries still main-tained a general visa requirement, the granting of visas became a mere formality. It was only normal that the Hungarian refugees wanted to join this movement. With savings from scholarships, first wages or salaries: they wanted to travel. To see the world, Paris, London, Rome, Hamburg, Oslo, New York, Boston or even Sidney and Melbourne, to visit friends and relatives, fellow refugees in other countries. But above all to enjoy the freedom of travel, the freedom of movement: after having been locked

The Nansen Passport: A Tool of Freedom of Movement and of Protection