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In societies with a free and open judiciary system, individuals are permitted to challenge a judge's verdict, ability to remain impartial, and conduct. In the first situation, a higher court of appeal typically handles the matter.1 In the second, the judge is disqualified from overseeing a case if an objective observer raises reasonable questions about the judge's impartiality.2 In the third situation, a governing body, such as a judicial council, hears the complaint. To minimize the likelihood of such events, judges are appointed based on their legal knowledge, prior experience, and a historical demonstration of impartiality and fairness.Although most medical journals and their editors conduct themselves fairly, there are some differences between their practice and that of a judiciary body. In this article, I pose four questions to medical journal editors concerning their impartiality and training as researchers and editors, and the options available to those who disagree with a decision rendered by an editor or editorial board.Are you free? Editorial freedom versus economic and political pressure . Editors must be free to make decisions about journal policy and the publication of manuscripts without coercion.3 This is the basis of editorial objectivity, and the foundation on which the advancement of both human well‐being and science rest.4 Those who choose (or are chosen) to become medical journal editors tend to do so because they believe in and wish to uphold this fundamental principle.3 However, it has become apparent that editorial decisions are not always independent or unfettered. In fact, external and internal pressures partially influence an editor's selection and acceptance of manuscripts.Editors have led themselves to believe that they publish works that address the needs of a principal ‘target’ audience. However, in a study comparing the relative importance of topics selected for publication …

Judging the judges: the role of journal editors