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The mass composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays is important forunderstanding their origin. Owing to our limited knowledge of the hadronicinteraction, the interpretations of the mass composition from observationsinclude several open problems, such as the inconsistent interpretations of$\langle X_{\mathrm{max}}\rangle $ and $\langle X_{\mathrm{max}}^{\mu}\rangle$. Futhermore, the large difference between the predictions exists by thehadronic interaction models. Diffractive collision is one of the proposedsources of the uncertainty. In this paper, we discuss the effect of thedetailed characteristics of diffractive collisions to the observables ofultra-high-energy cosmic-ray experiments, focusing on three detailedcharacteristics. These are the cross-sectional fractions of different collisiontypes, diffractive-mass spectrum, and diffractive-mass-dependent particleproductions from the diffractive dissociation system. We demonstrated that thecurrent level of the uncertainty in the cross-sectional fraction can affect 8.9$\mathrm{g/cm^2}$ of $\langle X_{\mathrm{max}}\rangle $ and 9.4$\mathrm{g/cm^2}$ of $\langle X_{\mathrm{max}}^{\mu}\rangle $, whereas theother details of the diffractive collisions exhibit relatively minor effects.

Simulation study on the effects of diffractive collisions on the prediction of the observables in ultra-high-energy cosmic ray experiments