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The bioorthogonal keto group has attracted interest for the site-specific chemical conjugation of recombinant proteins under mild conditions, e.g. with aminooxy-functionalised fluorescent probes, radiometal chelates, toxins or polymers. However, the cotranslational incorporation of the corresponding non-canonical amino acid  p -acetyl- l -phenylalanine (Apa) into proteins expressed in  Escherichia coli  by means of amber suppression using a previously described system with a mutated tRNA and an engineered tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase from  Methanococcus jannaschii  shows limited efficiency and considerable promiscuity towards endogenous amino acids. Employing a one-plasmid system that encodes all three components required for selection, i.e. the modified aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS), the cognate amber suppressor tRNA and the enhanced green fluorescent protein equipped with an amber stop codon and serving as reporter, we have generated an Apa-specific aaRS&amp;tRNA pair with considerably improved efficiency (17-fold increased expression) and also fidelity (6-fold). To this end, both the aaRS and the tRNA were subjected to doped random mutagenesis and selection in altogether four evolutionary cycles using fluorescence-activated bacterial cell sorting as well as automated screening of microcultures. The resulting aaRS&amp;tRNA pair was applied to the functionalisation of an Anticalin with specificity towards oncofetal fibronectin by introducing a keto group at a permissible site for subsequent conjugation with a fluorescent dye, thus allowing visualisation of this tumour target under the microscope.

Optimisation of a system for the co-translational incorporation of a keto amino acid and its application to a tumour-specific Anticalin