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Remotely sensed ocean color data and numerical modeling have been used to study the phenology of both spring and fall phytoplankton blooms (FPBs) in the Nova Scotian Shelf (NSS)–Gulf of Maine (GoM) region. The ocean color data reveal a general pattern of westward progression of the spring phytoplankton bloom (SPB), and an eastward progression of the FPB in the NSS–GoM region. The spatial pattern of mean chlorophyll concentration in spring is similar to that in fall, with a lower concentration in the NSS and higher in the GoM. Interannually, there is a weak but significant tendency for years with earlier (delayed) SPBs to be followed by delayed (earlier) FPBs, but the mean chlorophyll concentrations during SPBs are not correlated with those during FPBs. The interannual variability of SPB timing is significantly correlated with sea surface salinity (SSS), but the FPB timing is correlated with both SSS and sea surface temperature. The process-oriented numerical modeling experiments suggest that (i) salinity is the main factor influencing the bloom timing and magnitude in the NSS–GoM region, especially for the timing of SPBs; (ii) compared to buoyancy forcing induced by vertical salinity gradients, the impact of surface heating and surface wind stress on the blooms variability is much weaker; and (iii) the nutrient level controls the bloom magnitude, but only has a minor effect on bloom timing. This study provides a quantitative estimation of relationship between changes in local/remote environmental forcing and phytoplankton phenological shifts, thus improving our understanding on the possible impact of climate change on coastal/shelf ecosystems.

Phenology of phytoplankton blooms in the Nova Scotian Shelf–Gulf of Maine region: remote sensing and modeling analysis