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This study investigated the relationship between seasonal changes in ambient UV-R, and sunscreen concentrations in phytoplankton and krill. Concentrations of mycosprine-like amino acid (MAA) sunscreens were quantified in phytoplankton communities and in the krill Nyctiphanes australis over a 1-year period off the Otago Coast, New Zealand. Ambient UV-B and UV-A ranged from a minimum mean daily dose of 2.19 × 10 4  kJ day −1  and 0.73 × 10 6  kJ day −1  in June, to a maximum in January of 20.19 × 10 4  kJ day −1  and 4.88 × 10 6  kJ day −1 , respectively. Concentrations of MAAs (consisting almost entirely of Mycosporine-glycine) in the phytoplankton community were lowest in August (5.6 nmol µg −1  Chl) when UV-R irradiances were minimal and highest in January (41.4 nmol μg −1  Chl) when UV-R irradiances were maximal. Nyctiphanes australis was found to contain five identified MAAs (mycosporine-glycine, shinorine, Porphyra-334, palythine and palythinol) and several unknown UV-R absorbing compounds. Concentrations ranged from 4.73 to 15.51 nmol mg −1  dw, with little indication of a seasonal cycle that could be correlated with changes in either phytoplankton MAA concentrations or ambient UV-R irradiances. The findings suggest that krill are neither accumulating MAAs in response to changes in MAA concentrations in their phytoplankton food, or that MAA concentrations in krill are increased in response to higher ambient UV-R irradiances. Concentrations of MAAs in krill body parts (carapace, legs, eyes, antennae, muscle) were similar (4.89–5.98 nmol mg −1  dw), with the exception of the carapace (2.03 nmol mg −1  dw).

journal of plankton research

Temporal concentrations of sunscreen compounds (Mycosporine-like Amino Acids) in phytoplankton and in the New Zealand krill,  Nyctiphanes australis  G.O. Sars