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sure (P) and radius (r), and inversely proportional to The arterial circulation and left ventricle (LV ) are two arterial and/or ventricular wall thickness (h). This functional units who are joined together to form a follows from the well known formula: s=Pr/h. In coupled biological system. The interaction between the response to an increase in pressure or radius, tensile heart and the arterial system is designed to maximize stress can be maintained constant when the ventricular delivery of power generated by the heart to the circulaand/or arterial walls thicken. tion. Optimal coupling depends on: (i) the intrinsic In laminar flow conditions (as occurs normally in properties of the LV and, (ii) the physical properties arteries) shear stress (t) is directly proportional to of arterial system. Acute changes in LV or vascular blood flow (Q) and blood viscosity (m) and inversely functions activate neurohumoral mechanisms. proportional to the radius (r) of the vessel. This follows Matching of cardiac and arterial functions is then from the well known formula: t=4Qm/pr3. An increase achieved, among others, by alterations of heart rate, in shear stress can be the consequence of increased of myocardial contractility, and of vascular tone. As blood viscosity, decreased arterial diameter, or such acute compensations tend to increase metabolic increased blood flow acting on endothelial surface. The demand, optimal mutual adaptation of cardiac and characteristics of cardiovascular remodelling depend vascular function in chronic conditions is completed in large part on the nature of the iniciating haemoby structural changes to normalize expenditure of dynamic stimuli. energy. To optimize cardiovascular function in situations of chronic changes in cardiac and/or vascular

The concept of ventricular/vascular coupling: functional and structural alterations of the heart and arterial vessels go in parallel.