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Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses of Cetacea and of their affinities with Artiodactyla have suggested two surprising possibilities: (1) sperm whales are more closely related with baleen whales (suborder Mysticeti) than with the other toothed whales (suborder Odontoceti; Milinkovitch, Orti, and Meyer 1993; Milinkovitch, Meyer, and Powell 1994) and (2) Cetacea may represent a suborder of Artiodactyla (Graur and Higgins 1994). The first of these phylogenetic hypotheses was based initially on an analysis of portions of mitochondrial 12s and 16s genes (Milinkovitch, Orti, and Meyer 1993) and subsequently on a tandem alignment of portions of the 12S, 16S, and cytochrome b loci from 21 species of Cetacea, and several artiodactyl outgroups (Milinkovitch, Meyer, and Powell 1994). In a separate analysis involving the complete cytochrome b locus, Arnason and Gullberg (1994) presented data suggesting a further possibility, which was that toothed whales might be closer relatives of baleen whales than of sperm whales. Adachi and Hasegawa (1995) have since reanalyzed the cytochrome b data using maximum likelihood and show that the conclusion is highly sensitive to choice of outgroup taxa, with the majority of situations supporting the baleen/sperm whale clade. Most recently, Arnason and Gullberg (1996), in a further analysis of the complete cytochrome b gene, including representatives of all currently recognized cetacean families, present evidence for a monophyletic Odontoceti; however, this conclusion was not strongly supported. There is at present no published account of this issue from the perspective of a nucleotide sequence analysis of a single-copy nuclear gene. The Graur and Higgins hypothesis suggests that cows are more closely related to cetaceans than to pigs, which disrupts the monophyly of Artiodactyla, resulting in either the interpretation of a paraphyletic Artiodactyla or an Artiodactyla that includes Cetacea as a suborder. This hypothesis was based on the analysis of 11 nuclear encoded protein sequences and five mitochondrial genes from two artiodactyl suborders, one species of cetacean, and either mouse, seal, or mouse and seal as outgroup. We are aware of no published account that addresses this issue from the perspective of a single-copy nuclear gene at the DNA sequence level. Earlier papers of ours have demonstrated the utility of exon 1 sequences from the gene encoding interpho-

Phylogenetic evidence from the IRBP gene for the paraphyly of toothed whales, with mixed support for Cetacea as a suborder of Artiodactyla