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To find out whether the polymorphism of TPE repeats of the hobo transposable element observed in some populations results from polymorphism within flies or from variability between flies, or both, we carried out isofemale line analyses of 25 populations. We found that polymorphic populations result from the presence of polymorphic flies combined with interfly variability within these populations. The fact that populations display different levels of polymorphism, i.e., different types of element and different frequencies of polymorphic flies, can be used to differentiate between qualitatively identical populations. This showed that the geographical structuring previously observed is reinforced and, in particular, that the western European populations, which have 3TPE and 5TPE elements, display a centrifugal decrease in the frequency of 5TPE hobo elements which start in western France. This gradient supports the hypothesis of a dynamic invasion by this type of elements: a total invasion by 3TPE elements, followed by further invasions involving other types of hobo elements. Moreover, the analysis of numerous sequences in current populations revealed the existence of seven types of never-previously described hobo elements with regard to TPE repeats. This diversity, which contrasts with the conservation of other parts of the element, highlights the high mutation rate of the S region.

High Polymorphism of TPE Repeats Within Natural Populations of Drosophila melanogaster: A Gradient of the 5TPE hobo Element in Western Europe