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An electroencephalogram (EEG) based brain-computer interface (BCI) spellerallows a user to input text to a computer by thought. It is particularly usefulto severely disabled individuals, e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients,who have no other effective means of communication with another person or acomputer. Most studies so far focused on making EEG-based BCI spellers fasterand more reliable; however, few have considered their security. This study, forthe first time, shows that P300 and steady-state visual evoked potential BCIspellers are very vulnerable, i.e., they can be severely attacked byadversarial perturbations, which are too tiny to be noticed when added to EEGsignals, but can mislead the spellers to spell anything the attacker wants. Theconsequence could range from merely user frustration to severe misdiagnosis inclinical applications. We hope our research can attract more attention to thesecurity of EEG-based BCI spellers, and more broadly, EEG-based BCIs, which hasreceived little attention before.

Tiny noise, big mistakes: Adversarial perturbations induce errors in Brain-Computer Interface spellers