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Humans as well as experimental animals with normal renal function do not usually exhibit acute renal failure following radiocontrast media injection. Experimental radiocontrast-induced renal failure requires various preceding stresses, including subtotal nephrectomy, dehydration, congestive heart failure, inhibition of nitric oxide, or prostaglandin synthesis. The major risk factors for radiocontrast nephropathy in humans are: high doses of contrast media, pre-existing renal failure especially in diabetes mellitus patients, dehydration or decreased effective arterial volume (congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, and nephrotic syndrome), as well as other factors favouring prerenal failure including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [1]; multiple myeloma may not be an independent risk factor [2].

nephrology, dialysis, transplantation/nephrology dialysis transplantation

Radiocontrast media-induced nephrotoxicity in patients with renal failure: rationale for a new double-blind, prospective, randomized trial testing calcium channel antagonists